Recent Demonitisation in India
Dr.Debesh Bhowmik
What is demonitisation
Demonetization is the act of
stripping a currency unit of its status as legal
tender. Demonetization is necessary
whenever there is a change of national
currency. The old unit of currency must be
retired and replaced with a new currency unit.
There are multiple reasons why
nations demonetize their local units of currency. Some reasons include to
combat inflation, to combat corruption, and to discourage a cash system. The
process of demonetization involves either introducing new notes or coins of the
same currency or completely replacing the old currency with new currency.
During
the regimes of silver standard and gold standard and even in bimetallic
standard,the nature of demonitisation in various countries were rather
different.
Gold was demonetized in stages, first by FD Roosevelt in 1933, who
confiscated (stole) the American people’s Gold and gave them paper in return…
at the rate of $20.67 /oz… Then in a few months he marked up the value of the
Gold (that is, devalued the paper given to the people) to $35.00 / oz.; a loss
of more than 50% of value in a few months. On 6 March 1933, soon after he took
office, President Roosevelt declared a nationwide bank moratorium for four days
to stop heavy withdrawals and forbade banks to pay out gold or to export it. On
5 April the president ordered all gold coins and gold certificates in hoards of
more than a hundred dollars turned in for other money. The government took in
$300 million of gold coin and $470 million of gold certificates by 10 May.
The demonetization of Gold was completed by Nixon in 1971, when he ‘closed
the Gold window’… that is, reneged on the US commitment to redeem every thirty
five US Dollars for one oz. of Gold, as per the Bretton Woods agreement. Gold
was demonetized fraudulently; the honest approach would have been to devalue
the Dollar, to balance all newly printed Dollars against physical Gold
reserves. Already the EU has ‘demonetized’ the 500 Euro bill, and Citibank in
the US has stopped accepting cash (Dollars; legal tender for all debt, public
or private).Then $100 Dollar bill was under imminent threat.
Indian History
In the history of Indian monetary system,demonitisation of silver,gold and
their currencies occurred frequently.
In 1835, a declaration from Governor-General William Bentinck in Calcutta
demonetised all old gold coins and introduced a unified coinage system for
India with the Madras silver rupee as the standard. The gold mohur (coin) of
the Mughal empire was deliberately undervalued to dissuade its usage, and soon
its circulation began to fall. In 1841 came another proclamation authorising
the government to receive gold, but it continued to pay out only silver.Gold
mohars were accepted in public treasures at the rate of 1:15.Even under the
regime of silver standard,in 1874,government adopted gold currency.In 1893,gold
and silver coinage were no longer legal tender and government introduced gold
exchange standard in stead of gold standard in India by British government
where gold standard was the monetary system,even in its territories gold
standard were the system.
Demonitisation in India and foreign
countries
·
The sudden move to demonetize Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 currency notes is not
new. Rs 1,000 and higher denomination notes were first demonetized in January
1946 and again in 1978.
· The highest
denomination note ever printed by the Reserve Bank of India was the Rs 10,000
note in 1938 and again in 1954. But these notes were demonetized in January
1946 and again in January 1978, according to RBI data. Rs 1,000 and Rs
10,000 bank notes were in circulation prior to January 1946. Higher
denomination banknotes of Rs 1,000, Rs 5,000 and Rs 10,000 were reintroduced in
1954 and all of them were demonetized in January 1978.
In recent times,outside India,there are a few examples of
demonitisation.
In 1982, Ghana rolled out the decision to demonetise their
50 cedi currency notes in order to monitor money laundering and corruption. The
change was not welcomed warmly, creating chaos across the country and finally
resulted in a move back to physical assets and foreign currency.
Nigeria’s economy collapsed after the 1984 demonetisation move that did not go
as planned. The military government of then President Muhammadu Buhari introduced
different coloured notes to invalidate their old currency in order to fight
black money.
Around 80% of Myanmar’s currency was demonetised in 1987 by the military to
curb black money, but the move resulted in a lot of protests and the country
witnessed several killings.
Under the governance of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991, the then Soviet Union
demonetised the higher denominations of ruble bills, the 50s and 100s. The move
did not go well and resulted in takeover of Mikhail’s leadership within eight
months of the plan.
North Korea faced demonetisation of their currency in 2010, which led to major
economy breakdown with people left to starve for basics.
Zimbabwe once had hundred trillion dollar note, which was demonetised and was
exchanged in a mocking way dropping trillion dollars to $0.5 dollar.
In the beginning of this year, head
of European Central Bank, Mario Draghi announced that the bank is thinking to
abolish the region’s most-valuable bank note, the 500 euro bill in order to
curb tax evasion and terrorism financing. Similarly, former US treasury
secretary Larry Summers has also called for the demonetisation of $100 bill.
Advantages of Demonetization
- The biggest advantage of demonetization is that it
helps the government to track people who are having large sums of
unaccounted cash or cash on which no income tax has been paid because many
people who earn black money keep that money as cash in their houses or in
some secret place which is very difficult to find and when demonetization
happens all that cash is of no value and such people have two options one
is to deposit the money in bank accounts and pay taxes on such amount and
second option is to let the value of that cash reduced to zero.
- Since black money is used for illegal activities like
terrorism funding, gambling, money laundering and also inflating the price
of major assets classes like real estate, gold and due to demonetization
all such activities will get reduced for some time and also it will take
years for people to generate that amount of black money again and hence in
a way it helps in putting an end this circle of people doing illegal
activities to earn black money and using that black money to do more
illegal activities.
- Another benefit is that due to people disclosing their
income by depositing money in their bank accounts government gets a good
amount of tax revenue which can be used by the government towards the
betterment of society by providing good infrastructure, hospitals,
educational institutions, roads and many facilities for poor and needy
sections of society.
- Demonetization would lead to generation in employment.
Government can now lend massively to infrastructure sector through the
recapitalized Public Sector Banks. This would generate a lot of employment
opportunities thereby moving more people out of poverty.
5.
In the long run,demonitisation has
positive impact in the economy. It will boost the formal economy in the long
run as black money hoarders will not able to make their money white. Middle
class citizens may get benefitted from the short term fall in real estate
prices. This move along with the implementation of GST is likely to make the
system more efficient, accountable and transparent.
Disadvantages
- The biggest disadvantage of demonetization is that once
people in the country gets to know about it than initially for few days
there is chaos and frenzy among public as everybody wants to get rid of
demonetized notes which in turn sometimes can lead to law and order
problem and chaotic situation especially in banks and ATMs which are the
only medium to change the old currency units to new currency units.
- Another disadvantage is that destruction of old
currency units and printing of new currency new units involve costs which
has to be borne by the government and if the costs are higher than
benefits then there is no use of demonetization.
- Another problem is that majority of times this move is
targeted towards black money but if people have not kept cash as their
black money and rotated or used that money in other asset classes like
real estate, gold and so on then there is no guarantee that demonetization
will help in catching corrupt people.
4.
Agriculture & allied sector,
small traders, SME, services sector, households, political parties,
professionals like doctor, carpenter, retail outlets, utility service providers
etc have been facing huge disruptions. The above sectors are expected to face
the most significant impact of the demonetization process. GDP with the
reduction in the consumption demand, GDP formation in the country could get
adversely impacted. However, the sluggishness is expected to be less
significant as the demand is only got deferred and will re-enter the system
once the situation becomes normal.
5.
Demonetization is not a big disaster
like global banking sector crisis of 2007; but at the same time, it will act as
a liquidity shock that disturbs economic activities.
6.
liquidity shock started which means
people are not able to get sufficient volume of popular denomination especially
Rs 500. This currency unit is the favourable denomination in daily life.
It constituted to nearly 49% of the previous currency supply in terms of value.
- Most active segments of the population who constitute
the ‘base of the pyramid’ uses currency to meet their transactions. The
daily wage earners, other labourers, small traders etc. who reside out of
the formal economy uses cash frequently. These sections will lose income
in the absence of liquid cash. Cash stringency will compel firms to reduce
labour cost and thus reduces income to the poor working class.
There will be a trickle up effect of
the liquidity chaos to the higher income people with time.
[i]
Consumption will be hit: When
liquidity shortage strikes, it is consumption that is going to be adversely
affected first.
Consumption ↓→ Production ↓→
Employment ↓→ Growth ↓→ Tax revenue ↓
[ii] Loss of Growth momentum- India risks its position of being the fastest growing
largest economy: reduced consumption, income, investment
etc. may reduce India’s GDP growth as the liquidity impact itself may last
three -four months.
[iii] Impact
on bank deposits and interest rate: Deposit in the short term may rise, but
in the long term, its effect will come down. The savings with the banks are
actually liquid cash people stored. It is difficult to assume that such ready
cash once stored in their hands will be put into savings for a long term. They
saved this money into banks just to convert the old notes into new notes. These
are not voluntary savings aimed to get interest. It will be converted into
active liquidity by the savers when full-fledged new currency supply take
place. This means that new savings with banks is only transitory or
short-term deposit. It may be encashed by the savers at the appropriate time.
It is not necessary that demonetization will produce big savings in the banking
system in the medium term. Most of the savings are obtained by biggie public
sector banks like the SBI. They may reduce interest rate in the short/medium
term. But they can't follow it in the long term.
There is no doubt that the rate of growth of GDP in the near
term will be affected. Around 80 percent of our GDP is contributed by small
businesses and demonetisation has affected the liquidity of these businesses in
the short term and will remain impacted till all the abrogated notes are
replaced. It is estimated that 20 percent of the GDP is contributed by black
money, out of which the cash component is around 4-5 percent and the remaining
contributions coming from benami properties, gold and other asset classes. If
we believe these statistics then the impact on GDP also will be limited. One can
therefore conclude that the impact on GDP will be limited and for a shorter
duration. The success of this move depends on the amount of impounded currency
which will be exchanged or deposited with the banks. The government expects
that only around 80 percent of the impounded currency will be returned and the
remaining forfeited by the black money holders. If the amount of currency
returned or exchanged is in the vicinity of 93-95 percent then the gamble of
the government would backfire, though in such an event the effect on GDP would
be minimal.
Some Remarks
Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen has called the Narendra Modi government’s
demonetisation move “despotic action that has struck at the root of economy
based on trust.”
“It (demonetisation) undermines notes, it undermines bank accounts, it
undermines the entire economy of trust. That is the sense in which it is
despotic,” Prof. Sen told to a TV channel.
He further said his immediate point of view on demonetisation is on its
economic aspect.
“It’s (demonetisation) a disaster on economy of trust. In the last 20 years,
the country has been growing very fast. But it is all based on acceptance of
each other’s word. By taking despotic action and saying we had promised but
won’t fulfil our promise, you hit at the root of this,” Prof. Sen said.
“Telling the public suddenly that the promissory
notes you have, do not promise anything with certainty, is a more complex
manifestation of authoritarianism, allegedly justified — or so the government
claims — because some of these notes, held by some crooked people, involve
black money. At one stroke the move declares all Indians — indeed all holders
of Indian currency — as possibly crooks, unless they can establish they are
not,” Amartya Sen said in an interview with The Indian Express. Amartya
Sen said the demonetisation drive has only caused inconvenience to common man
who are deprived of their money even if it was earned legally. “Only an
authoritarian government can calmly cause such misery to the people — with
millions of innocent people being deprived of their money and being subjected
to suffering, inconvenience and indignity in trying to get their own money
back,” said Amartya Sen.
Rejecting government’s claim that the
demonetisation drive will help to curb black money, Amartya Sen said it will be
another failure of Narendra Modi government. Amartya Sen said, “It is hard to
see how. This will be as much of a failure as the government’s earlier promise
of bringing black money stacked away abroad back to India (and giving all Indians
a sudden gift — what an empty promise!). The people who are best equipped to
avoid the intended trap of demonetisation are precisely the ones who are
seasoned dealers in black money — not the common people and small traders who
are undergoing one more misery in addition to all the deprivations and
indignities from which they suffer.”
Prof.Kausik Basu said thatDemonetization was
ostensibly implemented to combat corruption, terrorism financing and
inflation.
But it was poorly designed, with scant attention paid to the laws of the
market, and it is likely to fail. So far its effects have been disastrous for
the middle- and lower-middle classes,
as
well as the poor. And the worst may be yet to come.
India has a large amount of
what is known as “black money,” meaning cash or any other form of wealth that
has evaded taxation. According to a 2010 World Bank estimate, the most reliable
available, the shadow economy in India makes up one-fifth of the country’s
G.D.P. (A 2013 study by McKinsey, the consulting firm, puts the figure at
more
than one-quarter.)
Black money tends to exacerbate inequality because the
biggest evasions occur at the top of the income spectrum. It also deprives the
government of money to spend on infrastructure and public services like health
care and education. According to the World Bank’s most recent estimate, from
2012,
India’s tax-to-G.D.P. ratio is about
11 percent, compared with about 14 percent for Brazil, about 26
percent for South Africa and about 35 percent for Denmark. The government’s
wish to tackle these problems is laudable, but demonetization is a ham-fisted
move that will put only a temporary dent in corruption, if even that, and is
likely to rock the entire economy. The government’s demonetization dragnet will
no doubt catch some illicit cash. Some people will turn in their black money
and pay a penalty; others will
destroy
part of their illegal stashes in order not to draw attention to their
businesses. But the overall benefits will be small and fleeting.
One reason is that the bulk of black money in India
isn’t money at all: It’s held in gold and silver, real estate and overseas bank
accounts. Another is that even if demonetization can flush out the black money
that is held in cash, with no improvement in catching and punishing tax
evaders, people with ill-gotten gains will simply start saving in the new bills
currently being issued. There also is no evidence that black money actually is
more inflationary than white money; nor in theory should it be. Black money is
just money held by people instead of the government. It’s an excessive money
supply that tends to create inflation; whether that money is white or black
makes little difference. Tackling corruption also goes beyond currency, cash or
even banking. It requires changing institutions and mind-sets, and carefully
crafting policies that acknowledge the complexity of economic and social life.
The government could start by increasing penalties for tax evasion and amending
India’s outdated anti-graft laws.
In a country like India, where the illegal economy is
so intimately intertwined with the mainstream economy, one inept government
intervention against shadow activities can do a lot of harm to the vast
majority, who are just trying to make a legitimate living.
Rajan said
, “ I am not quite sure if what you meant is demonetise the
old notes and introduce new notes instead. In the past demonetisation has been
thought off as a way of getting black money out of circulation. Because people
then have to come and say "how do I have this ten crores in cash sitting
in my safe" and they have to explain where they got the money from. It is
often cited as a solution. Unfortunately, my sense is the clever find ways
around it.
They find ways to divide up their hoard in to many smaller pieces. You
do find that people who haven't thought of a way to convert black to white,
throw it into the Hundi in some temples. I think there are ways around
demonetization. It is not that easy to flush out the black money. Of course, a
fair amount may be in the form of gold, therefore even harder to catch. I would
focus more on the incentives to generate and retain black money. A lot of the
incentives are on taxes.
My sense is the current tax rate in this country is for the most part
reasonable. We have a reasonable tax regime, for example, the maximum tax rate
on high-incomes is 33%, in the US it is already 39% plus State taxes, etc., it
takes it to near 50. We are actually lower than many industrial countries.
Given that, there is no reason why everybody who should pay taxes is not paying
taxes. I would focus more on tracking data and better tax administration to get
at where money is not being declared. I think it is very hard in this modern
economy to hide your money that easily”.
Post-Demonitisation
period
We have faced very short run effects on the following
areas of the economy,name,[i]share market returns fell and there is shock in
stock market,[ii]bank deposits rose abruptfly,[iii]adverse impact on industry
especially on automobile,GDP,consumption and reality sector ,[iv]land price
decreased,[v]housing price fell down,[vi]inflation rate came down
It is expected by the government that high credit in
the economy may improve unemployment but it should be noted that NPA may
increase if loans from banks are not repaid in time and high NPA will cause
fall in banking profits.
If government fails to supply of adequate liquidity in
banks and ATMs for the people then liquidity crisis may lead to banking crisis
that may produce financial crisis too.
Lastly,adopting
another currency or introducing a new currency does not solve the economic
crises, unless it is followed by massive corrections in the macroeconomic
fundamentals
